Safeguarding workers during trenching and excavation operations
Trenching and excavation remain among the most hazardous operations in the construction industry, but recent data shows meaningful progress. After peaking at 39 fatalities in 2022, trench-related deaths have declined significantly, with approximately 15 fatalities reported in 2023 and about a dozen cases in 20241. Despite this progress, construction continues to account for the vast majority of trenching-related fatalities, underscoring the persistent risk posed by unprotected excavations.
While these reductions are encouraging, they do not eliminate the inherent dangers of trenching and excavation work. As an industry, we must remain vigilant and committed to protecting workers by prioritizing planning, training, and the consistent use of protective systems. Contractors and employers play a critical role in preventing incidents by ensuring trenches are properly protected, hazards are continuously evaluated, and crews are empowered to stop work when conditions are unsafe. Sustained focus and accountability at the job site level are essential to maintaining progress and preventing a return to higher fatality levels.
Hazards:
- Struck by falling rock, material or equipment
- Hazardous atmospheres
- Falls
What’s behind the issue
- Indifference (e.g., “It won’t happen on my watch”) – 58.1%
- Lack of knowledge of OSHA 1926.650 Trenching and Excavation standard – 52.2%
The results showed there are deficiencies throughout the industry in training, education and awareness of the hazards associated with trenching activities.
What you can do
Most trenching and excavation injuries and fatalities are preventable. According to NIOSH, the most effective way to prevent trenching fatalities is to use trenchless alternatives, such as directional drilling/boring, pipe lining, pipe jacking, etc. 3
- Designate a competent person
- Implement protective systems for trenches 5 feet or deeper
- Never allow entry into an unprotected trench
- Conduct refresher training (e.g., toolbox talks)
- Participate in Trench Safety Stand Down Week
Training and Education
- Equipment hazards
- Materials near trench edges
- Standing water
- Hazardous atmospheres
- Fall risks
- Entry/exit issues
- Nearby roadways or structures
Training must be in a language and format workers understand and should be documented.
Adhere to Excavation Standards and Regulations
- Utility location
- Site hazard assessment
- Competent person assignment
- Emergency action planning
- Soil classification
- Trenching techniques (benching, sloping)
- Safeguards (shoring, trench boxes)
- Safe egress
- Water accumulation management
- Hazardous atmosphere protocols
- Inspections and supervision
Call to action
Employers should review their trench safety programs and participate in national safety initiatives like Trench Safety Stand Down Week.
[1] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/osha-national-news-release/20241104
[2] National Safety Council. Trench and Excavation Hazards: Insight on Newly Acquired Data and Managing the Risks. September 6, 2019.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Trench Fatalities. June 6, 2019.
[4] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/laws-